Ford, Daniel J. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6089-6855
Shutler, Jamie D. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8018-123X
Blanco-Sacristán, Javier
Corrigan, Sophie https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1929-995X
Bell, Thomas G. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4108-7048
Yang, Mingxi https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8321-5984
Kitidis, Vassilis https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3949-3802
Nightingale, Philip D.
Brown, Ian
Wimmer, Werenfrid
Woolf, David K. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4469-553X
Casal, Tânia
Donlon, Craig
Tilstone, Gavin H.
Ashton, Ian https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8744-4760
Funding for this research was provided by:
EC | Horizon 2020 Framework Programme (101083922)
EC | Horizon 2020 Framework Programme (101083922)
European Space Agency (4000125730/18/NL/FF/gp)
European Space Agency (4000125730/18/NL/FF/gp)
European Space Agency (4000125730/18/NL/FF/gp)
European Space Agency (4000125730/18/NL/FF/gp)
European Space Agency (4000125730/18/NL/FF/gp)
European Space Agency (4000125730/18/NL/FF/gp)
European Space Agency (4000125730/18/NL/FF/gp)
European Space Agency (4000125730/18/NL/FF/gp)
European Space Agency (101083922)
European Space Agency (101083922)
RCUK | Natural Environment Research Council (NE/R015953/1)
RCUK | Natural Environment Research Council (NE/R015953/1)
RCUK | Natural Environment Research Council (NE/R015953/1)
Article History
Received: 29 June 2023
Accepted: 19 September 2024
First Online: 25 October 2024
Change Date: 26 November 2025
Change Type: Update
Change Details: In the version of the article initially published, the following text was missing from the Acknowledgements and has now been added to the HTML and PDF versions of the article: “This work was also partially funded by OceanICU which was funded by the European Union under grant agreement no. 101083922 and UK Research and Innovation (UKRI) under the UK government’s Horizon Europe funding guarantee (grant number 10054454, 1006367, 10064020, 10059241, 10079684, 10059012, 10048179). Views and opinions expressed are however those of the author(s) only and do not necessarily reflect those of the European Union or European Research Executive Agency. Neither the European Union nor the granting authority can be held responsible for them”.
Change Date: 4 August 2025
Change Type: Correction
Change Details: A Correction to this paper has been published:
Change Details: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-025-01779-0
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.