Smye, Andrew J. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6380-5410
Kelemen, Peter B. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4757-0855
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Science Foundation (1927631)
National Science Foundation (2025122)
National Science Foundation (2422504)
National Science Foundation (2422505)
Pennsylvania State University
Columbia University | Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University
Article History
Received: 10 February 2025
Accepted: 12 September 2025
First Online: 13 October 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.