Zhang, Yingjun https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2079-5157
Barnes, Brian B. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0056-3500
Goodwin, Deborah S. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0152-3009
Siuda, Amy N. S.
Schell, Jeffrey M. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4180-6839
McGillicuddy, Dennis J. Jr. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1437-2425
Lapointe, Brian E. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6187-1913
Qi, Lin https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3433-3252
Hu, Chuanmin https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3949-6560
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (80NSSC24K1507)
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (80NSSC25K7361)
United States Department of Commerce | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NA23NOS4780291)
United States Department of Commerce | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NA23NOS4780291)
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (02D42923)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (2P01ES028938)
National Science Foundation (OCE-2418297)
Article History
Received: 10 April 2025
Accepted: 22 October 2025
First Online: 4 December 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.