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First Online: 5 June 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare the following competing interests: specifically, they acknowledge their close association with UNESCO — I.S. and J.B. as UNESCO UNITWIN Chairs, I.S. as Patron of the English Riviera UGG, S.J. as Coordinator of the Chablais UNESCO Global Geopark, France and the Coordinator of the European network of UGGs, and O.A.L. as Program Specialist at UNESCO’s Earth sciences and geoparks section.