Aggarwal, Minali https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8085-9223
Allen, Jennifer https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9827-9147
Coppock, Alexander
Frankowski, Dan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5148-7213
Messing, Solomon https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0109-4040
Zhang, Kelly https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1406-0480
Barnes, James
Beasley, Andrew https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9571-7626
Hantman, Harry
Zheng, Sylvan https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0770-9453
Article History
Received: 29 November 2021
Accepted: 25 October 2022
First Online: 12 January 2023
Competing interests
: All researchers were employed by Acronym or were contractors thereof during the 2020 election cycle. J.A., S.Z. and H.H. have a substantial financial interest in Facebook. Acronym played a role in conceptualizing and designing the study presented here: all of the authors except A.C. contributed to the design and/or implementation of the experiment while employed by Acronym from January 2020 to January 2021. After the termination of their employment in January 2021, but before working on this manuscript, the other primary authors signed explicit third-party data-sharing agreements on 8 February 2021 to allow data access while they conducted the scientific analysis and reporting presented here, with other institutions. Acronym and the authors agreed in writing to the publication of this manuscript in advance of manuscript analysis and preparation. The authors agreed to provide Acronym with a draft of the manuscript before publication.