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Article History

Received: 19 July 2023

Accepted: 26 February 2025

First Online: 11 April 2025

Change Date: 8 November 2025

Change Type: Update

Change Details: In the version of this article initially published, acknowledgements for NYUAD Research Institute Award CG001 were not included and are now amended in the HTML and PDF versions of the article.

Change Date: 21 January 2025

Change Type: Update

Change Details: In the version of the article initially published, the text “K.M. acknowledges support from the NYUAD Center for Interacting Urban Networks (CITIES), funded by Tamkeen under the NYUAD Research Institute Award CG001” was inadvertently omitted from the Acknowledgements section and has now been added to the HTML and PDF versions of the article.

Competing interests

: The authors B.A. and K.M. acknowledge that their study was inspired by a personal experience, experiencing a retraction of one of their papers, which galvanized the research questions asked in this paper, namely, how retractions influence the careers of authors of scientific papers? S.A.M. declares no conflicts of interest.