Fan, Wen https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6124-8331
Schor, Juliet B. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9635-1232
Kelly, Orla
Gu, Guolin
Funding for this research was provided by:
Russell Sage Foundation (2205-38631, 2205-38631)
National Science Foundation (2241840, 2241840)
Boston College
Forsa trade union
Article History
Received: 16 December 2023
Accepted: 4 June 2025
First Online: 21 July 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests. We are independent researchers invited by 4DWG to collect and analyse data. We have no financial or legal connections or agreements with 4DWG. 4DWG has no influence over the design, results or outputs of our research.