Howard-Spink, Elliot https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3961-3982
Tennie, Claudio
Mitra Setia, Tatang
Perawati, Deana
van Schaik, Carel https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5738-4509
Barrett, Brendan
Whiten, Andrew https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2426-5890
Schuppli, Caroline https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6318-2815
Funding for this research was provided by:
Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior.
Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung through funds awarded to Margaret Crofoot.
Universität Zürich
Volkswagen Foundation (Freigeist fellowship)
Leakey Foundation
Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior; SUAQ Foundation; A.H. Schultz Foundation
Article History
Received: 11 February 2025
Accepted: 13 October 2025
First Online: 24 November 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.