Asanov, Igor https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8091-4130
Åstebro, Thomas
Buenstorf, Guido https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2957-5532
Crépon, Bruno
Flores-Taipe, Francisco P.
McKenzie, David https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1885-2426
Mensmann, Mona https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3733-6854
Schulte, Mathis https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5196-4086
Funding for this research was provided by:
World Bank Group (SIEF Nimble Grant)
World Bank Group (SIEF Covid Grant)
World Bank Group (SIEF Nimble Grant)
World Bank Group (SIEF Nimble Grant)
World Bank Group (SIEF Nimble Grant)
World Bank Group (SIEF Nimble Fund)
World Bank Group (SIEF Covid Grant)
World Bank Group (SIEF Nimble Grant)
World Bank Group (SIEF Covid Grant)
World Bank Group (SIEF Nimble Grant)
World Bank Group (SIEF Covid Grant)
World Bank Group (SIEF Covid Grant)
Fondation HEC
Laboratory of Excellence in Economics and Decision Sciences, Ecole Nationale de la Statistique (Labex ECODEC–ENSAE) Paris
Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (EXC 2126/1 - 390838866)
Article History
Received: 3 December 2024
Accepted: 30 January 2026
First Online: 14 May 2026
Competing interests
: D.M. is employed by the World Bank, which works with country governments to improve development policies. The intervention evaluated here was not the result of a World Bank country engagement, and the World Bank only had a role as a funder of this work. The authors declare no other competing interests.