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Authors
Stagnaro, Michael N. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5512-7218
Druckman, James N. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1249-6790
Berinsky, Adam J. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7827-9396
Arechar, Antonio A. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2537-8830
Willer, Robb https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3404-6472
Rand, David G. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8975-2783
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Article History
Received: 26 April 2024
Accepted: 27 February 2026
First Online: 22 June 2026
Competing interests
: All authors have worked with all of the platforms featured in this Article to varying degrees. The corresponding author met with and worked with several of the platforms in developing this project (Forthright, Prolific and CloudResearch). Several of the samples were donated or provided at a discount (Connect, Connect NR, CRSTAL, CR Toolkit, Prolific, Prolific NR and Forthright). However, the platforms were blind to when and how the data collections took place, did not have access to the results (until a working paper was posted) and did not provide comments (to the authors) on the paper. None of the authors received any compensation of any kind for this work, nor has any vested interest in any platform’s performance.
