Feuerriegel, Stefan https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7856-8729
Barrie, Christopher https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9156-990X
Crockett, M. J.
Globig, Laura K. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0612-0594
McLoughlin, Killian L.
Mirea, Dan-Mircea https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4349-7059
Spirling, Arthur
Yang, Diyi
Althoff, Tim https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4793-2289
Antoniak, Maria
Argyle, Lisa P. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3109-2537
Ashokkumar, Ashwini
Atari, Mohammad https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4358-7783
Bailey, Hannah
Bauer, Kevin
Bhatt, Umang https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4611-1668
Chai, Yidong
Chakraborty, Tanmoy
Chandra, Yanto
Chen, Huimin
Daumé, Hal III
De Francisci Morales, Gianmarco
Dehghani, Morteza https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9478-4365
Dillion, Danica https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8549-0058
Eichstaedt, Johannes C. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3220-2972
Forster, Kerstin
Geissler, Dominique
Gray, Kurt https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5816-2676
Griffiths, Thomas L. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5138-7255
Jochen, Hartmann https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1178-8708
Hauser, Oliver P. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9282-0801
He, James K.
Hemrajani, Rahul https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9625-4106
Holzmeister, Felix https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9606-0427
Hwang, Angel Hsing-Chi
Hu, Tiancheng
Ivanova, Anna A. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1184-8299
Köbis, Nils https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0608-7333
Kyrychenko, Yara https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0636-5046
Lakkaraju, Himabindu
Liu, Jia https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0279-724X
Maarouf, Abdurahman
Maier, Sebastian https://orcid.org/0009-0009-6526-3403
Meincke, Lennart https://orcid.org/0009-0000-2260-011X
Mihalcea, Rada https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0767-6703
Mittelstadt, Brent https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4709-6404
Mohammad, Saif M.
Naaman, Mor https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6436-3877
Netzer, Oded https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0099-8128
Oh, Alice
Ong, Desmond C. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6781-8072
Pierri, Francesco https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9339-7566
Plank, Barbara
Rahwan, Iyad https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1796-4303
Rahwan, Talal https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0070-0667
Rao, Pooja S. B. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3346-2749
Robertson, Claire E. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8403-6358
Rothschild, David M. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7792-1989
Salganik, Matthew J. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8968-1356
Schulz, Eric
Shah, Chirag https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3797-4293
Shrestha, Yash Raj
Shutova, Ekaterina
Siegel, Alexandra A. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0792-7813
Simchon, Almog https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2629-2913
Sun, Huan
Toetzke, Malte https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1153-2702
Van Bavel, Jay J. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2172-1184
Vaccaro, Michelle https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6254-9718
Wortman Vaughan, Jennifer
Vayena, Effy https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1303-5467
Vaz-de-Melo, Pedro O. S. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9749-0151
Vecchione, Briana https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0828-8665
Wang, Angelina
West, Robert https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3984-1232
Willer, Robb https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3404-6472
Wulff, Dirk U. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4008-8022
Zhang, Renwen https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7636-9598
Zhang, Simone
Rathje, Steve https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6727-571X
Horta Ribeiro, Manoel https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6159-9657
Funding for this research was provided by:
Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (NFDI 27/1-2026, project number 460037581)
Princeton Catalysis Initiative
National Science Foundation (IIS-1901386)
National Science Foundation (CAREER IIS-2142794)
National Science Foundation (IIS-2040989)
National Science Foundation (IIS-2238714)
National Science Foundation (IIS-2008461)
National Science Foundation (IIS-2306372)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (R01MH125179)
National Science Foundation of China | National Natural Science Foundation of China-Yunnan Joint Fund (72188101)
National Science Foundation of China | National Natural Science Foundation of China-Yunnan Joint Fund (72342011)
Rajiv Khemani Young Faculty Chair Professorship in AI
UKRI Future Leaders Fellowship
AI2050 Early Career Fellowship from Schmidt Sciences
Article History
First Online: 9 June 2026
Competing interests
: T.A. has received funding from Google, Microsoft and Apple, and is a part-time staff research scientist at Google. C.B. has received funding from OpenAI and Google. H.D. has received funding from Amazon, Google, Meta and the Schmidt Foundation, and was previously employed at Microsoft Research. M.D. has received funding from Google and Microsoft, and is a part-time senior research scientist (contractor) at Apple. J.C.E. has received consulting income and equity from Sonar Health and Jimini Health. L.K.G. has received funding from Google. T.L.G. has received funding from OpenAI, Google and Meta. O.P.H. has collaborated with Google Deepmind and received funding from Anthropic, UKRI and the UK AI Security Institute. T.H. has received funding from Apple, Google and OpenAI. A.A.I. has received funding from Ferguson Control Systems (via NSF BRAIN). H.L. is a part-time senior staff research scientist at Google. This work was conducted entirely in her capacity as a faculty member at Harvard University. She has also received research funding from Google and OpenAI. O.N. is an Amazon scholar working in areas unrelated to this work. S.R. and J.J.V.B. have received research funding from OpenAI and Google. E. Shutova has received funding from Google, Meta and Deloitte. H.S. has received funding from Amazon, Google, Cisco, OpenAI, Fujitsu and Intuit. R.M. has received funding from OpenAI and LG AI, and in-kind support from Amazon and Microsoft. A. Simchon has received funding from Google. M.H.R. has received funding from Meta and OpenAI. A.O. received funding from Google, Microsoft, LG AI, and Naver. A.O. is a faculty visiting researcher at Google, but this work was done in her capacity as a faculty member at KAIST. D.C.O. has received research funding from Microsoft Research, Toyota Research Institute and OpenAI. B.V. has received funding from Microsoft and the Notre Dame-IBM Tech Ethics Lab unrelated to this work. M.J.S. has previously received funding from Facebook/Meta and Google, he was previously a consultant for Google, and he was previously employed at Microsoft Research. The other authors declare no competing interests.