Liu, Qingkun https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1522-5347
Wang, Wei https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2824-7518
Sinhmar, Himani https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0458-9401
Griniasty, Itay https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1390-6621
Kim, Jason Z. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3970-4561
Pelster, Jacob T.
Chaudhari, Paragkumar
Reynolds, Michael F.
Cao, Michael C.
Muller, David A. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4129-0473
Apsel, Alyssa B. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9199-2292
Abbott, Nicholas L.
Kress-Gazit, Hadas
McEuen, Paul L. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6438-5750
Cohen, Itai https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9218-043X
Funding for this research was provided by:
United States Department of Defense | United States Army | U.S. Army Research, Development and Engineering Command | Army Research Office (W911NF-23-1-0212 and ARO W911NF-18-1-0032)
Cornell University | Cornell Center for Materials Research (DMR-1719875)
United States Department of Defense | United States Air Force | AFMC | Air Force Office of Scientific Research (MURI: FA9550-16-1-0031)
National Science Foundation (EFRI C3 SoRo -1935252, EFRI C3 SoRo -1935252, EFRI C3 SoRo -1935252, EFRI C3 SoRo -1935252, EFRI C3 SoRo -1935252, EFRI C3 SoRo -1935252, EFRI C3 SoRo -1935252, EFRI C3 SoRo -1935252, EFRI C3 SoRo -1935252, EFRI C3 SoRo -1935252, EFRI C3 SoRo -1935252, EFRI C3 SoRo -1935252, EFRI C3 SoRo -1935252, EFRI C3 SoRo -1935252, EFRI C3 SoRo -1935252)
Article History
Received: 21 November 2023
Accepted: 22 August 2024
First Online: 11 September 2024
Competing interests
: Q.L., P.L.M. and I.C. are inventors on a patent application (PCT/US2021/021419) submitted by Cornell University that covers electrically programmable microscale shape-memory actuators and related robotic devices. W.W., Q.L., M.F.R., P.L.M. and I.C. are inventors on a provisional patent application (63/267,190) submitted by Cornell University that covers actuators and control electronics for cilium metasurfaces and a provisional patent application (63/368,751) submitted by Cornell University that covers integrated circuits for controlling microscopic robots. The other authors declare no competing interests.