KP, Harikrishnan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7706-2758
Xu, Ruijuan https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5046-0599
Patel, Kinnary https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1380-5858
Crust, Kevin J.
Khandelwal, Aarushi https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5747-482X
Zhang, Chenyu https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7422-7027
Prosandeev, Sergey
Zhou, Hua https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9642-8674
Shao, Yu-Tsun https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5574-0490
Bellaiche, Laurent https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6181-2024
Hwang, Harold Y. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9230-3214
Muller, David A. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4129-0473
Funding for this research was provided by:
United States Department of Defense | United States Air Force | AFMC | Air Force Office of Scientific Research (FA9550-18-1-0480, FA9550-18-1-0480, FA9550-18-1-0480)
U.S. Department of Energy (DE-AC02-76SF00515, DE-AC02-76SF00515, DE-AC02-76SF00515, DE-AC02-76SF00515)
United States Department of Defense | United States Navy | Office of Naval Research (N00014-21-1–2086, N00014-21-1–2086)
U.S. Department of Defense (N00014-20-1-2834, N00014-20-1-2834, N00014-20-1-2834)
National Science Foundation (PHY-1549132)
United States Department of Defense | United States Army | U.S. Army Research, Development and Engineering Command | Army Research Office (MURI ETHOS W911NF-21-2-0162, MURI ETHOS W911NF-21-2-0162)
DOE | Office of Science (DE-AC02-06CH11357)
Article History
Received: 25 August 2024
Accepted: 13 March 2025
First Online: 23 April 2025
Competing interests
: Cornell University (D.A.M.) has licensed the EMPAD hardware to Thermo Fisher Scientific. The other authors declare no competing interests.