Qian, Chang https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9561-3621
Stanifer, Ethan
Ma, Zhan
Yao, Lehan https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1945-833X
Luo, Binbin
Liu, Chang
Li, Jiahui
Pan, Puquan
Pan, Wenxiao https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2252-7888
Mao, Xiaoming https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7920-3991
Chen, Qian https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1968-441X
Funding for this research was provided by:
United States Department of Defense | United States Navy | Office of Naval Research (MURI N00014-20-1-2479, MURI N00014-20-1-2479, MURI N00014-20-1-2479, MURI N00014-20-1-2479, MURI N00014-20-1-2479, MURI N00014-20-1-2479)
National Science Foundation (2243104, 2243104)
United States Department of Defense | United States Air Force | AFMC | Air Force Office of Scientific Research (FA9550-20-1-0072, FA9550-20-1-0072)
United States Department of Defense | United States Army | U.S. Army Research, Development and Engineering Command | Army Research Office (W911NF2310256, W911NF2310256)
Article History
Received: 16 September 2024
Accepted: 26 April 2025
First Online: 17 June 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.