Vicentini, Edoardo https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1850-2327
Arrieta, Xabier https://orcid.org/0009-0008-3978-6051
Schnell, Martin https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3514-3127
Pajusco, Nicolas https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5212-5572
Begemann, Felix https://orcid.org/0009-0006-9483-455X
Burillo, Maria Barra
Ramos, Maria https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7701-5911
Bylinkin, Andrei https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9257-0702
Esteban, Ruben https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9175-2878
Aizpurua, Javier https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1444-7589
Hillenbrand, Rainer https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1904-4551
Funding for this research was provided by:
Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness | Agencia Estatal de Investigación (PID2021-123949GB-I00)
Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness | Agencia Estatal de Investigación (CEX2020-001038-M)
Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness | Agencia Estatal de Investigación (FJC2021-046779-I)
Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness | Agencia Estatal de Investigación (PID2022-139579NB-I00)
Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness | Agencia Estatal de Investigación (PID2023-148359NB-C22)
Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness | Agencia Estatal de Investigación (RYC2023-044188-I)
Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness | Agencia Estatal de Investigación (PID2021-123949GB-I00)
Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness | Agencia Estatal de Investigación (PID2022-139579NB-I00)
Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness | Agencia Estatal de Investigación (PID2022-139579NB-I00)
EC | Horizon 2020 Framework Programme (101063152)
Eusko Jaurlaritza (IT1526-22)
Eusko Jaurlaritza (IT1526-22)
Eusko Jaurlaritza (IT1526-22)
Article History
Received: 25 October 2024
Accepted: 17 October 2025
First Online: 18 December 2025
Competing interests
: R.H. is a co-founder of Neaspec GmbH, which is now a part of Attocube Systems GmbH, a company producing s-SNOM systems such as the one used in this study. The other authors declare no competing interests.