Liu, Wei https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1207-204X
Zhang, Cheng https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3026-1159
Zhang, Zhiming https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5746-9203
Li, Yang https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1912-1438
Wai, Shinya
Vriza, Aikaterini https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5663-8703
Dai, Yahao
Wang, Glingna https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4621-5838
Wang, Yunfei https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7555-5308
Diroll, Benjamin T. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3488-0213
Shan, Naisong https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1476-6539
Li, Songsong https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9784-2877
Chen, Du https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7604-8786
Guo, Peijun https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5732-7061
Zhu, Chenhui
Xu, Jie https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7842-5496
de Pablo, Juan J. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3526-516X
Wang, Sihong https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3611-0004
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Science Foundation (2239618)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (1DP2EB034563)
U.S. Department of Energy (DE-AC02-06CH11357)
U.S. Department of Energy (DE-AC02-06CH11357)
U.S. Department of Energy (DE-AC02-06CH11357)
U.S. Department of Energy (DOE/BES 5J-30161-0010A)
United States Department of Defense | United States Air Force | AFMC | Air Force Office of Scientific Research (Grant No. FA9550-22-1-0209)
Article History
Received: 10 February 2025
Accepted: 24 October 2025
First Online: 26 November 2025
Competing interests
: S. Wang, J.J.d.P., W.L. and C. Zhang are inventors on a pending patent filed by the University of Chicago (number UCHI 25-T-179). The remaining authors declare no competing interests.