Huang, Hailong https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1527-9713
Singh, Prashant https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3460-9290
Johnson, Duane D. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0794-7283
Beniwal, Dishant https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8307-3392
Ray, Pratik K.
Ouyang, Gaoyuan https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0103-7174
Gaydos, Luke https://orcid.org/0009-0000-0783-5201
Riedemann, Trevor
Ingale, Tirthesh
Soni, Vishal https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9356-1023
Banerjee, Rajarshi https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4703-7030
Scharf, Thomas W. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3109-5746
Lu, Ping https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9369-7462
DelRio, Frank W. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1727-8220
Kustas, Andrew B. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8316-4454
Sharon, John A. https://orcid.org/0009-0003-9240-1564
Deacon, Ryan
Jalali, Syed I. A. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4487-0126
Patullo, Michael
Park, Sharon
Hemker, Kevin J.
Ott, Ryan T.
Argibay, Nicolas https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6473-7568
Funding for this research was provided by:
DOE | LDRD | Ames Lab | Division of Materials Sciences and Engineering (DE- AC02-07CH11358)
DOE | LDRD | Ames Lab | Division of Materials Sciences and Engineering (DE- AC02-07CH11358)
DOE | Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy
DOE | SC | Fusion Energy Sciences (DE-SC0024541)
DOE | SC | Fusion Energy Sciences (DE-SC0024541)
DOE | SC | Fusion Energy Sciences (DE-SC0024541)
DOE | LDRD | Sandia National Laboratories
DOE | LDRD | Los Alamos National Laboratory
United States Department of Defense | United States Navy | Office of Naval Research (N000141812180)
United States Department of Defense | United States Navy | Office of Naval Research (N000141812180)
United States Department of Defense | United States Navy | Office of Naval Research (N000141812180)
United States Department of Defense | United States Navy | Office of Naval Research (N000141812180)
Article History
Received: 23 April 2025
Accepted: 5 December 2025
First Online: 26 January 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.