Shen, Xinyi https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6013-0964
Hui, Wing Tung https://orcid.org/0009-0000-3015-2564
Hu, Shuaifeng https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1312-075X
Yang, Fengning https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0648-3619
Wang, Junke https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5849-7297
Yao, Jin https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4630-5910
Louwen, Atse
Tam, Bryan Siu Ting
Rong, Lirong
McMeekin, David P.
Lohmann, Kilian https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8322-5923
Yuan, Qimu https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1335-4073
Naylor, Matthew C. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6054-2982
Kober-Czerny, Manuel https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7807-3133
Seo, Seongrok
Holzhey, Philippe https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3688-1607
Zaininger, Karl-Augustin
Christoforo, M. Greyson https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5507-4179
Carroy, Perrine
Barth, Vincent
Yeung, Fion Sze Yan https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3521-3404
Noel, Nakita K. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8570-479X
Johnston, Michael https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0301-8033
Lin, Yen-Hung https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6819-1235
Snaith, Henry J. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8511-790X
Funding for this research was provided by:
Diamond Light Source (SI39532)
EC | Horizon 2020 Framework Programme (101075330)
RCUK | Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EP/X038777/1)
RCUK | Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EP/M022900/1)
Research Grants Council, University Grants Committee (26210623)
Research Grants Council, University Grants Committee (26210623)
Research Grants Council, University Grants Committee (26210623)
Research Grants Council, University Grants Committee (26210623)
Article History
Received: 11 June 2025
Accepted: 13 January 2026
First Online: 23 February 2026
Competing interests
: H.J.S. is a co-founder and the Chief Scientific Advisor of Oxford PV Ltd. Y.-H.L. and F.S.Y.Y. are the co-founders of CyberCrystal Technology Ltd. All other authors declare no competing interests.