Liang, Caiwu https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7251-5212
Garcia Verga, Lucas https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7453-238X
Moss, Benjamin https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5786-1587
Kumar, Santosh https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1352-9945
Scott, Soren B. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1815-0141
Turner, Mark A. https://orcid.org/0009-0001-7911-243X
Ferrer, Pilar https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9807-7679
Celorrio, Veronica https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2818-3844
Grinter, Dave C. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6089-119X
Tao, Yemin
Halder, Sid https://orcid.org/0009-0002-7269-4323
Wang, Yifeng
Tseng, Cindy
Yang, Guangmeimei https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8623-024X
Held, Georg https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0726-4183
Haigh, Sarah J. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5509-6706
Walsh, Aron https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5460-7033
Stephens, Ifan E. L. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2157-492X
Durrant, James R. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8353-7345
Rao, Reshma R. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6655-3105
Funding for this research was provided by:
Royal Academy of Engineering (R.R.R.)
RCUK | Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EP/W033232/1)
RCUK | Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EP/R00661X/1)
RCUK | Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EP/S019367/1)
RCUK | Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EP/P025021/1)
RCUK | Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EP/S023259/1)
RCUK | Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EP/P025021/1)
RCUK | Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EP/P025021/1)
RCUK | Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EP/P025498/1)
RCUK | Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EP/X035859/1)
BP International Centre for Advanced Materials
Imperial College London and China Scholarship Council for the IC-CSC joint scholarship BP International Centre for Advanced Materials
EC | Horizon 2020 Framework Programme (101017928 (HYSOLCHEM))
EC | Horizon 2020 Framework Programme (101017928 (HYSOLCHEM))
Article History
Received: 1 July 2025
Accepted: 23 January 2026
First Online: 26 February 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.