Xu, Zhenchuang https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9317-3231
Mejia, Edgar B. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9719-884X
Price, Tyler C. https://orcid.org/0009-0000-0187-5640
Arretche, Ignacio https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1443-0506
Zhang, Shuyi https://orcid.org/0009-0005-0465-7493
Lei, Ruishi
Chen, Valerie https://orcid.org/0009-0001-6489-3878
Liu, Hannah
Huang, Shaofeng https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2565-0005
Chen, Boran https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7234-7691
Tawfick, Sameh H. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3645-527X
Johnson, Jeremiah A. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9157-6491
Sottos, Nancy R. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5818-520X
Moore, Jeffrey S. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5841-6269
Funding for this research was provided by:
DOE | SC | Basic Energy Sciences (DE-SC0023457)
DOE | SC | Basic Energy Sciences (DE-SC0023457)
DOE | SC | Basic Energy Sciences (DE-SC0023457)
DOE | SC | Basic Energy Sciences (DE-SC0023457)
Article History
Received: 18 March 2026
Accepted: 22 May 2026
First Online: 15 June 2026
Competing interests
: The board of trustees of the University of Illinois has filed pending international patent application no. PCT/US2026/012018, on which J.S.M. and Z.X. are listed as inventors. All other authors declare no competing interests.