Roemer, Cornelius https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6138-6539
Sheward, Daniel J. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0227-5636
Hisner, Ryan https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8296-9373
Gueli, Federico
Sakaguchi, Hitoshi
Frohberg, Nicholas
Schoenmakers, Josette
Sato, Kenta
O’Toole, Áine https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8083-474X
Rambaut, Andrew https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4337-3707
Pybus, Oliver G.
Ruis, Christopher https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0977-5534
Murrell, Ben https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0393-4445
Peacock, Thomas P. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7077-2928
Funding for this research was provided by:
RCUK | Medical Research Council (MR/W005611/1)
Science for Life Laboratory (VC-2022-0028 and VC-2021-0033, VC-2022-0028 and VC-2021-0033, VC-2022-0028 and VC-2021-0033)
Familjen Erling-Perssons Stiftelse (ID: 2021 0125, ID: 2021 0125, ID: 2021 0125)
Oxford University | Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford
Article History
Received: 28 February 2023
Accepted: 13 September 2023
First Online: 16 October 2023
Competing interests
: A.O., A.R. and O.G.P. have undertaken consulting for AstraZeneca AB relating to the genetic diversity and classification of SARS-COV-2 lineages. D.J.S. also consults for AstraZeneca AB on matters related to monoclonal antibody therapeutics for COVID-19. At the time of final submission of this manuscript, F.G. was a contractor for Invivyd, a company that develops monoclonal antibodies to treat COVID-19. The other authors declare no competing interests.