Yang, Bingyi https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0811-8332
Gostic, Katelyn M.
Adam, Dillon C.
Zhang, Ru
Einav, Tal
Peng, Liping
Wong, Sook San https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1290-191X
Tsang, Tim K.
Cummings, Derek A. T.
Sullivan, Sheena G. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0856-0294
Cobey, Sarah https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5298-8979
Cowling, Benjamin J. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6297-7154
Article History
Received: 16 September 2024
Accepted: 14 May 2025
First Online: 10 June 2025
Competing interests
: B.J.C. consults for AstraZeneca, Fosun Pharma, GSK, Haleon, Moderna, Novavax, Roche, Sanofi Pasteur, and Pfizer. S.G.S. reports consulting for AstraZeneca, GSK, Moderna, Novavax, Pfizer, Sanofi, CSL Seqirus and Evo Health. S.S.W. has previously received a speaker’s honorarium from Sanofi. D.A.T.C. reports research funding from Merck and Pfizer to his institution for research unrelated to this work. The other authors declare no competing interests.