Gibson, Travis E. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0320-8010
Kim, Younhun
Acharya, Sawal
Kaplan, David E.
DiBenedetto, Nicholas
Lavin, Richard
Berger, Bonnie https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2724-7228
Allegretti, Jessica R.
Bry, Lynn https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8792-8527
Gerber, Georg K. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9149-5509
Funding for this research was provided by:
United States Department of Defense | Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (BRICS HR0011-15-C-0094)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (R01GM130777, R35GM149270, R35GM143056, R21AI154075, R35GM141861, P30DK056338)
Massachusetts Life Sciences Center
National Science Foundation (MTM2 2025512)
Article History
Received: 12 July 2023
Accepted: 11 August 2025
First Online: 9 September 2025
Competing interests
: J.R.A. consults for Finch Therapeutics, BMS, Pfizer, Janssen, Morphic, Iterative Scopes, Artugen, Servatus, Pandion, Merck and Baccain and has research support from Merck. No industry support was provided for this study. L.B. is the inventor of patents for defined bacterial therapeutics for C. difficile. No industry support was provided for this study.