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Authors
Borrelli, Carolina https://orcid.org/0009-0007-9154-9507
Douglas, Edward J. A. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5892-8539
Riley, Sophia M. A.
Lemonidi, Aikaterini Ellas
Larrouy-Maumus, Gerald https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6614-8698
Lu, Wen-Jung
Bonev, Boyan B.
Edwards, Andrew M. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7173-7355
Hoogenboom, Bart W. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8882-4324
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
RCUK | Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BB/Y003667/1, BB/X000370/1, BB/X002446/1, BB/X001547/1, BB/R000042/1)
RCUK | Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EP/S023259/1, EP/K031953/1)
Science Foundation Ireland (EP/S023259/1)
Wellcome Trust (227923/Z/23/Z)
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Article History
Received: 23 April 2025
Accepted: 26 August 2025
First Online: 29 September 2025
Competing interests
: B.W.H. holds an executive position at AFM manufacturer Nanosurf. Nanosurf did not play any role in the design or execution of this study. The other authors declare no competing interests.
