Glasner, Dustin R.
Todd, Candace
Cook, Brian
D’Urso, Agustina
Khosla, Shivani
Estrada, Elena
Wagner, Jaxon D.
Bartels, Mason D.
Hung, Chuan-Tien
Ford, Pierce
Prych, Jordan
Hatch, Kathryn S.
Yee, Brian A.
Ego, Kaori M.
Liang, Qishan
Holland, Sarah R.
Case, James Brett https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7331-5511
Corbett, Kevin D. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5854-2388
Diamond, Michael S.
Lee, Benhur https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0760-1709
Yeo, Gene W.
Herzik, Mark A. Jr
Van Nostrand, Eric L.
Daugherty, Matthew D. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4879-9603
Funding for this research was provided by:
Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (K22 AI119017)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of General Medical Sciences (R35 GM133633)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of General Medical Sciences (T32 GM133351)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of General Medical Sciences (R35 GM144121)
Burroughs Wellcome Fund
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Mental Health (RF1 MH126719)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Human Genome Research Institute (HG011864)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Human Genome Research Institute (R01 HG004659)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Human Genome Research Institute (U24 HG011735)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Human Genome Research Institute (R00 HG009530)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R01 AI188431)
United States Department of Defense | Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (HR001124S0025-FP-005)
Article History
Received: 17 January 2025
Accepted: 2 September 2025
First Online: 15 October 2025
Competing interests
: M.S.D. is a consultant or advisor for Inbios, Moderna, IntegerBio, Merck, GlaxoSmithKline, Bavarian Nordic, and Akagera Medicines. The Diamond laboratory has received unrelated funding support in sponsored research agreements from Emergent BioSolutions, Bavarian Nordic, Moderna, Vir Biotechnology, and IntegerBio. E.L.V.N. is co-founder, member of the Board of Directors, on the SAB, equity holder, and paid consultant for Eclipse BioInnovations, on the SAB of RNAConnect, and is inventor of intellectual property owned by University of California San Diego. E.L.V.N.’s interests have been reviewed and approved by the Baylor College of Medicine in accordance with its conflict-of-interest policies. G.W.Y. is a SAB member of Jumpcode Genomics and a co-founder, member of the Board of Directors, on the SAB, equity holder, and paid consultant for Eclipse BioInnovations. G.W.Y. is a visiting professor at the National University of Singapore. G.W.Y.’s interest(s) have been reviewed and approved by the University of California, San Diego in accordance with its conflict-of-interest policies. The other authors declare no competing interests.