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Authors
Fan, Yu https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5978-5004
Ni, Mi
Aggarwala, Varun
Mead, Edward A. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4588-8096
Ksiezarek, Magdalena https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1088-5394
Cao, Lei https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6488-4106
Kamm, Michael A.
Borody, Thomas J. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0519-4698
Paramsothy, Sudarshan
Kaakoush, Nadeem O. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4017-1077
Grinspan, Ari
Faith, Jeremiah J. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2691-4500
Fang, Gang https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2462-9124
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of General Medical Sciences (R35 GM139655)
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Article History
Received: 5 July 2024
Accepted: 29 September 2025
First Online: 22 October 2025
Competing interests
: S.P. has served as a consultant/steering committee member for Vedanta Biosciences and has received speaker/advisory board fees from AbbVie, Dr Falk Pharma, Ferring, Janssen and Takeda. J.J.F. is a consultant for Vedanta Biosciences and Genfit. The other authors declare no competing interests.
