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Authors
Liedes, Oona https://orcid.org/0009-0007-1570-4325
Reinholm, Arttu
Ekström, Nina
Haveri, Anu
Solastie, Anna
Vara, Saimi
Rijnink, Willemijn F. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3151-3725
Bestebroer, Theo M.
Richard, Mathilde https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0240-9312
de Vries, Rory D. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2817-0127
Jalkanen, Pinja
Lindh, Erika
Ikonen, Niina
Grifoni, Alba https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2209-5966
Sette, Alessandro https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7013-2250
Laaksonen, Terhi
Holopainen, Riikka
Kakkola, Laura
Lappalainen, Maija
Syrjänen, Ritva K.
Kolehmainen, Pekka
Julkunen, Ilkka
Nohynek, Hanna
Melin, Merit https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9375-4327
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Article History
Received: 8 August 2025
Accepted: 9 October 2025
First Online: 5 December 2025
Competing interests
: A. Sette is a consultant for Alcimed, Arcturus, Darwin Health, Desna Therapeutics, EmerVax, Gilead Sciences, Guggenheim Securities, Link University and RiverVest Venture Partners. The La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI) has filed for patent protection for various aspects of T cell epitope and vaccine design work. R.K.S. has acted or acts as a sub-investigator in a COVID-19 study sponsored by Pfizer, a pneumococcal carriage study sponsored by Merck Sharp & Dohme, and influenza, pertussis and meningitis studies sponsored by Sanofi Pasteur, not related to this work. Her current affiliation, Finnish Vaccine Research (FVR), conducts clinical trials and studies sponsored by almost all vaccine providers, not related to this work. H.N. is a member of the National Immunization Technical Advisory Group, THL, Finland, and the chair of the WHO Strategic Advisory Group of Experts. M.M. is a member of the National Immunization Technical Advisory Group, THL, Finland. O.L., A.R., N.E., A.H., A. Solastie, S.V., W.F.R., T.M.B., M.R., R.D.d.V., P.J., E.L., N.I., A.G., T.L., R.H., L.K., M.L., P.K. and I.J. declare no competing interests.
