Shan, Xiaoyu https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9631-3244
Cao, Karen https://orcid.org/0009-0006-8636-5941
Jeckel, Hannah https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7080-4907
Alcalde, Reinaldo E. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3430-5393
Trindade, InĂªs B.
Kwiecinski, Jarek V.
Newman, Dianne K. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1647-1918
Funding for this research was provided by:
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (2R01AI127850-06A1)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (2R01AI127850-06A1)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (2R01AI127850-06A1)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (2R01AI127850-06A1)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (2R01AI127850-06A1)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (2R01AI127850-06A1)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (2R01AI127850-06A1)
Resnick Sustainability Institute for Science, Energy and Sustainability, California Institute of Technology
Helen Hay Whitney Foundation
National Science Foundation (2209379)
European Molecular Biology Organization (ALTF 191-2023)
Article History
Received: 30 July 2025
Accepted: 20 January 2026
First Online: 23 March 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.