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Authors
Zost, Seth J. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6712-5076
Suryadevara, Naveenchandra https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2571-1290
Williamson, Lauren E. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2725-5826
Scheaffer, Suzanne M.
Binshtein, Elad
Buchman, Cameron D. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2550-649X
Johnson, Nicole V.
Catanzaro, Nicholas J. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0210-8440
Ravera, Silvia
Chapman, Nathaniel S.
Myers, Luke https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1132-2550
Ramamohan, Ajit R.
Handal, Laura S. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8658-4411
Nguyen, Doan C. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5389-6731
Trivette, Andrew
Martinez, James R. https://orcid.org/0009-0001-8260-6916
Villalobos, Eduardo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5197-6367
Rutherford, Stacey A.
Eun-Hyung Lee, F. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6133-5942
Schäfer, Alexandra https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4760-4923
Baric, Ralph S. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6827-8701
McLellan, Jason S. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3991-542X
Diamond, Michael S. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8791-3165
Carnahan, Robert H. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5230-1532
Crowe, James E. Jr https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0049-1079
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
United States Department of Defense | Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (HR0011-18-2-0001)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (AI157155)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (S10 OD030292)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (AI157155)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (AI157155)
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Article History
Received: 16 June 2024
Accepted: 29 January 2026
First Online: 12 March 2026
Competing interests
: S.J.Z. has served as a consultant for RenBio, Inc. L.E.W. has served as a consultant for BigHat Biosciences. M.S.D. is a consultant or advisor for Inbios, Vir Biotechnology, IntegerBio, Akagera Medicines, Moderna, Merck, and GlaxoSmithKline. The Diamond laboratory has received unrelated funding support in sponsored research agreements from Moderna, Vir Biotechnology, and Emergent BioSolutions. J.E.C. has served as a consultant for Luna Labs USA, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corporation, and Emergent Biosolutions; is a former member of the Scientific Advisory Boards of Meissa Vaccines, Gigagen (Grifols) and BTG International Inc; and is founder of IDBiologics. The laboratory of J.E.C. received unrelated sponsored research agreements from AstraZeneca, Takeda Vaccines, and IDBiologics during the conduct of the study. Vanderbilt University has applied for a patent concerning antibodies that are related to this work (US Provisional Patent Application No. 63/513,255). D.C.N. and F.E.-H.L. are co-inventors of patents filed by Emory University pertaining to the plasma cell survival medium used in this paper (US11124766B2, US11125757B2, US12163965B2 and US12173315B2). R.S.B. is a member of advisory boards for VaxArt, Takeda and Invivyd, and has collaborative projects with Gilead, Johnson & Johnson, and Hillevax, focused on unrelated projects. R.S.B. is an inventor of methods and uses of mouse-adapted SARS-CoV-2 viruses (US patent US11225508B1). All other authors declare no competing interests.
