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Authors
Glascock, Abigail
Maguire, Cole https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8986-9762
Phan, Hoang Van
Lydon, Emily C.
Schaenman, Joanna
Calfee, Carolyn S.
Melamed, Esther
Greenland, John https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1422-8367
Corry, David B. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9729-1016
Kheradmand, Farrah https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5343-103X
Baden, Lindsey R. https://orcid.org/0009-0004-1752-1926
Sekaly, Rafick
McComsey, Grace A. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2690-8888
Haddad, Elias K. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6924-4300
Cairns, Charles B. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2291-5415
Geng, Linda N. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9891-5705
Pulendran, Bali https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6517-4333
Fernandez-Sesma, Ana https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3405-6702
Simon, Viviana https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6416-5096
Metcalf, Jordan P. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4359-5270
Agudelo Higuita, Nelson I. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9363-6280
Messer, William B. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4381-6347
Davis, Mark M. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6868-657X
Nadeau, Kari C. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2146-2955
Kraft, Monica
Bime, Christian
Erle, David J. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2171-0648
Atkinson, Mark A. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8489-4782
Brakenridge, Scott C.
Ehrlich, Lauren I. R. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1697-1755
Montgomery, Ruth R. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8661-4454
Shaw, Albert C.
Hough, Catherine L.
Hafler, David A. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4664-535X
Augustine, Alison D.
Becker, Patrice M. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1170-8587
Peters, Bjoern https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8457-6693
Ozonoff, Al https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4233-5899
Hoch, Annmarie https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0836-2164
Kim-Schulze, Seunghee https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0192-4400
Krammer, Florian https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4121-776X
Bosinger, Steven https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2116-5061
Eckalbar, Walter
Altman, Matthew C. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1784-8505
Wilson, Michael https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8705-5084
Guan, Leying https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0609-1073
Maecker, Holden https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0795-9946
Steen, Hanno https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0179-6648
,
Holland, Steven M.
Rosen, Lindsey B.
Lee, Serena
Vaysman, Tatyana
Ozonoff, Al
Diray-Arce, Joann
Chen, Jing
Kho, Alvin
Milliren, Carly E.
Chang, Ana C.
McEnaney, Kerry
Barton, Brenda
Lentucci, Claudia
Murphy, Maimouna D.
Saluvan, Mehmet
Shaheen, Tanzia
Liu, Shanshan
Syphurs, Caitlin
Albert, Marisa
Hayati, Arash Nemati
Bryant, Robert
Abraham, James
Thomas, Sanya
Cooney, Mitchell
Karoly, Meagan
Presnell, Scott
Kohr, Bernard
Jancsyk, Tomasz
Arnett, Azlann
Overton, James A.
Vita, Randi
Westendorf, Kerstin
Levy, Ofer
Steen, Hanno
van Zalm, Patrick
Fatou, Benoit
Smolen, Kinga K.
Viode, Arthur
van Haren, Simon
Jha, Meenakshi
Stevenson, David
Odumade, Oludare
Mendez, Kevin
Lasky-Su, Jessica
Tong, Alexandra
Rooks, Rebecca
Desjardins, Michael
Sherman, Amy C.
Walsh, Stephen R.
Mitre, Xhoi
Cauley, Jessica
Li, Xiofang
Evans, Bethany
Montesano, Christina
Licona, Jose Humberto
Krauss, Jonathan
Issa, Nicholas C.
Chang, Jun Bai Park
Izaguirre, Natalie
Hutton, Scott R.
Michelotti, Greg
Wong, Kari
Tebbutt, Scott J.
Shannon, Casey P.
Sekaly, Rafick-Pierre
Fourati, Slim
Harris, Paul
Sieg, Scott
Ribeiro, Susan Pereira
Kutzler, Michele A.
Bernui, Mariana
Cusimano, Gina
Connors, Jennifer
Woloszczuk, Kyra
Joyner, David
Edwards, Carolyn
Lee, Edward
Lin, Edward
Melnyk, Nataliya
Powell, Debra L.
Kim, James N.
Goonewardene, I. Michael
Simmons, Brent
Smith, Cecilia M.
Martens, Mark
Croen, Brett
Semenza, Nicholas C.
Bell, Mathew R.
Furukawa, Sara
McLin, Renee
Tegos, George P.
Rogowski, Brandon
Mege, Nathan
Ulring, Kristen
Schearer, Pam
Sheidy, Judie
Nagle, Crystal
Seyfert-Margolis, Vicki
Bosinger, Steven E.
Boddapati, Arun K.
Tharp, Greg K.
Pellegrini, Kathryn L.
Johnson, Brandi
Panganiban, Bernadine
Huerta, Christopher
Anderson, Evan J.
Samaha, Hady
Sevransky, Jonathan E.
Bristow, Laurel
Beagle, Elizabeth
Cowan, David
Hamilton, Sydney
Hodder, Thomas
Bechnak, Amer
Cheng, Andrew
Mehta, Aneesh
Ciric, Caroline R.
Spainhour, Christine
Carter, Erin
Scherer, Erin M.
Usher, Jacob
Hellmeister, Kieffer
Hussaini, Laila
Hewitt, Lauren
Mcnair, Nina
Wimalasena, Sonia
Fernandez-Sesma, Ana
Simon, Viviana
Krammer, Florian
Van Bakel, Harm
Reiche, Ana Silvia Gonzalez
Qi, Jingjing
Lee, Brian
Carreño, Juan Manuel
Singh, Gagandeep
Raskin, Ariel
Tcheou, Johnstone
Khalil, Zain
van de Guchte, Adriana
Farrugia, Keith
Khan, Zenab
Kelly, Geoffrey
Srivastava, Komal
Eaker, Lily Q.
Bermúdez-González, Maria C.
Mulder, Lubbertus C. F.
Beach, Katherine F.
Saksena, Miti
Altman, Deena
Kojic, Erna
Sominsky, Levy A.
Azad, Arman
Bielak, Dominika
Kawabata, Hisaaki
Yellin, Temima
Fried, Miriam
Sullivan, Leeba
Morris, Sara
Kleiner, Giulio
Stadlbauer, Daniel
Dutta, Jayeeta
Xie, Hui
Patel, Manishkumar
Nie, Kai
Rahman, Adeeb
Messer, William B.
Hough, Catherine L.
Siegel, Sarah A. R.
Sullivan, Peter E.
Lu, Zhengchun
Brunton, Amanda E.
Strand, Matthew
Lyski, Zoe L.
Coulter, Felicity J.
Micheleti, Courtney
Rosenberg-Hasson, Yael
Leipold, Michael
Sigal, Natalia
Rogers, Angela
Fernandes, Andrea
Manohar, Monali
Do, Evan
Chang, Iris
Lee, Alexandra S.
Blish, Catherine
Din, Henna Naz
Roque, Jonasel
Geng, Linda
Artandi, Maja
Ahuja, Neera
Yang, Samuel S.
Chinthrajah, Sharon
Hagan, Thomas
Reed, Elaine F.
Schaenman, Joanna
Salehi-Rad, Ramin
Rivera, Adreanne M.
Pickering, Harry C.
Sen, Subha
Elashoff, David
Ward, Dawn C.
Brook, Jenny
Sanchez, Estefania Ramires
Llamas, Megan
Perdomo, Claudia
Magyar, Clara E.
Fulcher, Jennifer
Hendrickson, Carolyn M.
Kangelaris, Kirsten N.
Nguyen, Viet
Lee, Deanna
Chak, Suzanna
Ghale, Rajani
Gonzalez, Ana
Jauregui, Alejandra
Leroux, Carolyn
Altamirano, Luz Torres
Rashid, Ahmad Sadeed
Willmore, Andrew
Woodruff, Prescott G.
Krummel, Matthew F.
Carrillo, Sidney
Ward, Alyssa
Langelier, Charles R.
Patel, Ravi
Dandekar, Ravi
Alvarenga, Bonny
Rajan, Jayant
Schroeder, Andrew W.
Fragiadakis, Gabriela K.
Tsitsiklis, Alexandra
Mick, Eran
Guerrero, Yanedth Sanchez
Love, Christina
Maliskova, Lenka
Adkisson, Michael
Leligdowicz, Aleksandra
Beagle, Alexander
Rao, Arjun
Sigman, Austin
Samad, Bushra
Curiel, Cindy
Shaw, Cole
Tietje-Ulrich, Gayelan
Milush, Jeff
Singer, Jonathan
Vasquez, Joshua J.
Tang, Kevin
Betancourt, Legna
Santhosh, Lekshmi
Pierce, Logan
Paz, Maria Tecero
Matthay, Michael
Thakur, Neeta
Rodriguez, Nicklaus
Sutter, Nicole
Jones, Norman
Sinha, Pratik
Prasad, Priya
Lota, Raphael
Rashid, Sadeed
Asthana, Saurabh
Bhide, Sharvari
Lea, Tasha
Abe-Jones, Yumiko
Hafler, David A.
Kleinstein, Steven H.
Gygi, Jeremy P.
Pawar, Shrikant
Konstorum, Anna
Chen, Ernie
Cotsapas, Chris
Wang, Xiaomei
Xu, Leqi
Dela Cruz, Charles
Iwasaki, Akiko
Mohanty, Subhasis
Nelson, Allison
Zhao, Yujiao
Farhadian, Shelli
Asashima, Hiromitsu
Chaudhary, Omkar
Coppi, Andreas
Fournier, John
Muenker, M. Catherine
Raddassi, Khadir
Rainone, Michael
Ruff, William
Salahuddin, Syim
Shulz, Wade L.
Vijayakumar, Pavithra
Wang, Haowei
Wunder, Esio Jr.
Young, H. Patrick
Ko, Albert I.
Esserman, Denise
Brito, Anderson
Rothman, Jessica
Grubaugh, Nathan D.
Song, Li-Zhen
Nelson, Ebony
Sinko, Lauren A.
Booth, J. Leland
Drevets, Douglas A.
Brown, Brent R.
Bime, Christian
Mosier, Jarrod
Erickson, Heidi
Schunk, Ron
Kimura, Hiroki
Conway, Michelle
Francisco, Dave
Molzahn, Allyson
Wilson, Connie Cathleen
Hughes, Trina
Sierra, Bianca
Ungaro, Ricardo F.
Manning, Brittany Roth
Oberhaus, Jordan
Guirgis, Faheem W.
Borresen, Brittney
Anderson, Matthew L.
Ehrlich, Lauren I. R.
Melamed, Esther
Maguire, Cole
Wylie, Dennis
Rousseau, Justin F.
Hurley, Kerin C.
Geltman, Janelle N.
Siles, Nadia
Rogers, Jacob E.
Tipan, Pablo Guaman
Diray-Arce, Joann https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2183-4269
Rouphael, Nadine
Kleinstein, Steven H. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4957-1544
Jayavelu, Naresh Doni https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5613-0830
Reed, Elaine F.
Levy, Ofer https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5859-1945
Chu, Victoria T. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7480-965X
Langelier, Charles R. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6708-4646
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
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Article History
Received: 29 October 2025
Accepted: 4 February 2026
First Online: 16 March 2026
Competing interests
: The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai has filed patent applications relating to SARS-CoV-2 serological assays, NDV-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, influenza virus vaccines and influenza virus therapeutics, which list F. Krammer as co-inventor and F. Krammer has received royalty payments from some of these patents. V.S. is listed on the SARS-CoV-2 serology assay patent. Mount Sinai has spun out a company, Castlevax, to develop SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. F. Krammer is co-founder and scientific advisory board member of Castlevax. F. Krammer has also consulted for Merck, GSK, Sanofi, Gritstone, Curevac, Seqirus and Pfizer, and is currently consulting for 3rd Rock Ventures and Avimex. The Krammer laboratory is also collaborating with Dynavax on influenza vaccine development. O.L. is a named inventor on patents held by Boston Children’s Hospital relating to vaccine adjuvants and human in vitro platforms that model vaccine action. His laboratory has received research support from GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) and he is a co-founder of and advisor to ARMR Sciences (formerly Ovax, Inc.) that develops technologies to detect illicit substances and prevent overdose. He is also an advisor to GSK. C.B.C. serves as a consultant to bioMerieux and is funded by a grant from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. J.A.O. is a consultant at Knocean Inc. J.L.-S. serves as a scientific advisor of Precion Inc. S.R.H., G.M. and K.W. are employees of Metabolon Inc. V.S.-M. is a current employee of MyOwnMed. N. Rouphael reports grants or contracts with Merck, Sanofi, Pfizer, Vaccine Company, Quidel, Lilly, and Immorna, and has participated on data safety monitoring boards for Moderna, Sanofi, Seqirus, Pfizer, EMMES, ICON, BARDA, Imunon, CyanVac, and Micron. N. Rouphael has also received support for meetings/travel from Sanofi and Moderna, and honoraria from Virology Education. A.R. is a current employee of Immunai Inc. S.H.K. is a consultant related to ImmPort data repository for Peraton. D.A.H. has received research funding from Bristol–Myers Squibb, Novartis, Sanofi, and Genentech. He has been a consultant for Bayer Pharmaceuticals, Repertoire Inc., Bristol–Myers Squibb, Compass Therapeutics, EMD Serono, Genentech, Novartis Pharmaceuticals, and Sanofi Genzyme. A.I. is a consultant for 4BIO, Blue Willow Biologics, Revelar Biotherapeutics, RIGImmune, Xanadu Bio, and Paratus Sciences. M.K. receives research funds paid to her institution from NIH, ALA, Sanofi, and Astra-Zeneca for work in asthma; serves as a consultant for Astra-Zeneca, Sanofi, Chiesi, and GSK for severe asthma; and is a co-founder and CMO for RaeSedo, Inc., a company created to develop peptidomimetics for treatment of inflammatory lung disease. E. Melamed received research funding from Babson Diagnostics and honorarium from the Multiple Sclerosis Association of America, and has served on the advisory boards of Genentech, Horizon, Teva, and Viela Bio. C.C. receives research funding from NIH, FDA, DOD, Roche-Genentech and Quantum Leap Healthcare Collaborative, and also provides consulting services for Janssen, Vasomune, Gen1e Life Sciences, NGMBio, and Cellenkos. G.A.M. received research grants from Redhill, Cognivue, Pfizer, and Genentech, and served as a research consultant for Gilead, Merck, Viiv/GSK, and Jenssen. L.N.G. received research funding paid to her institution from Pfizer, Inc. E.F.R. serves as a consultant for Biogen and Regeneron for clinical trials advancing therapies in transplant alloimmunity. The other authors declare no competing interests.
