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Authors
Chapman, Jonathan A. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1068-8278
Masi, Andrea C.
Beck, Lauren C.
Watson, Hannah
Young, Gregory R.
Browne, Hilary P. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1305-2470
Shao, Yan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8662-0504
Kiu, Raymond https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4483-1215
Nelson, Andrew
Doyle, Jennifer A.
Palmowski, Pawel
Lengyel, Márton
Connolly, James P. R. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0394-3413
Lamb, Christopher A. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7271-4956
Porter, Andrew
Lawley, Trevor D. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4805-621X
Hall, Lindsay J. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8938-5709
Embleton, Nicholas D. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3750-5566
Perry, John D. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7225-7508
Berrington, Janet E. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6185-2843
Stewart, Christopher J. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6033-338X
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Wellcome Trust (221745/Z/20/Z)
Wellcome Trust (220540/Z/20/A)
Wellcome Trust (220540/Z/20/A)
Wellcome Trust (220540/Z/20/A)
Wellcome Trust (220540/Z/20/A)
Newcastle University | Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University
NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre
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Article History
Received: 21 May 2025
Accepted: 17 February 2026
First Online: 16 March 2026
Competing interests
: J.A.C., A.C.M., N.D.E., J.E.B. and C.J.S. are co-inventors on a patent relating to this work (GB2304447.2A). N.D.E. and J.E.B. declare research funding paid to their institution from Prolacta Biosciences, NeoKare UK and Danone Early Life Nutrition for grants between 2016–2022. N.D.E. declares lecture honoraria from Nestle Nutrition Institute and Abbot Nutrition and declares providing consultancy advice to legal firms involved in class action for infants developing NEC; all honoraria and consultancy fees were donated to charity. C.J.S. declares lecture honoraria from Nestlé Nutrition Institute. T.D.L. is the co-founder and CSO of Microbiotica. The other authors declare no competing interests.
