Stabell, Alex C.
Lee, Songhee https://orcid.org/0009-0009-2023-051X
Park, Debby J. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1029-7253
Lavine, Christy L.
Espinosa, Sebastian Mejia
Baharani, Viren A.
Patejak, Rachel
Nussenzweig, Michel C. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0592-8564
Caskey, Marina https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1727-8693
Seaman, Michael S.
Bieniasz, Paul D. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2368-3719
Hatziioannou, Theodora https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7889-0766
Funding for this research was provided by:
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (U01 AI169385)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (T32 AI007613)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (5KL2TR001865)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (U01 AI169385)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (U01 AI169385)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (U01 AI169385)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (U01 AI169385)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (U01 AI169385)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (U01 AI169385)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (U01 AI169385)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (U01 AI169385)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (U01 AI169385)
Howard Hughes Medical Institute
Article History
Received: 11 November 2025
Accepted: 30 March 2026
First Online: 11 May 2026
Competing interests
: The following authors declare competing interests: M.C.N. is listed as an inventor on patents for the antibodies 3BNC117 and 10-1074 and M.C. participates in advisory boards for Gilead, Merck and ViiV. The other authors declare no competing interests.