Zuo, Wenhua https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1977-2775
Ren, Fucheng
Barai, Pallab https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2217-6392
Hou, Dewen
Zhou, Shiyuan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9270-2573
Wang, Guanyi https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2751-5843
Li, Tianyi https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6234-6096
Jia, Xin
Qin, Yan
Yang, Zhenzhen https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1073-3799
Xu, Wenqian https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4815-6253
Liu, Yuzi https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8733-1683
Yan, Hanfei https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6824-0367
Chu, Yong S.
Yang, Yong https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9928-7165
Srinivasan, Venkat
Xiao, Xianghui https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7142-3452
Amine, Khalil https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9206-3719
Xu, Gui-Liang https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9969-883X
Funding for this research was provided by:
DOE | Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy | Vehicle Technologies Office (DE-AC02-06CH11357)
DOE | Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy | Vehicle Technologies Office (DE-AC02-06CH11357)
DOE | Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy | Vehicle Technologies Office (DE-AC02-06CH11357)
DOE | Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy | Vehicle Technologies Office (DE-AC02-06CH11357)
DOE | Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy | Vehicle Technologies Office (DE-AC02-06CH11357)
DOE | Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy | Vehicle Technologies Office (DE-AC02-06CH11357)
DOE | Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy | Vehicle Technologies Office (DE-AC02-06CH11357)
DOE | Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy | Vehicle Technologies Office (DE-AC02-06CH11357)
DOE | Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy | Vehicle Technologies Office (DE-AC02-06CH11357)
DOE | SC | Basic Energy Sciences (DE-AC02-06CH11357)
DOE | SC | Basic Energy Sciences (DE-AC02-06CH11357)
DOE | SC | Basic Energy Sciences (DE-AC02-06CH11357)
DOE | SC | Basic Energy Sciences (DE-AC02-06CH11357)
DOE | SC | Basic Energy Sciences (DE-AC02-06CH11357)
DOE | SC | Basic Energy Sciences (DE-SC0012704)
DOE | SC | Basic Energy Sciences (DE-SC0012704)
DOE | SC | Basic Energy Sciences (DE-SC0012704)
Article History
Received: 17 January 2025
Accepted: 14 July 2025
First Online: 29 October 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.