Chen, Zhidi https://orcid.org/0009-0008-1403-5788
Zhang, Yajing https://orcid.org/0009-0000-3127-9946
Lv, Panjing https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3478-0263
Wu, Tongwei https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1922-9545
He, Jianing
Du, Jinyan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5090-3748
Sun, Qiangqiang https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4309-5199
Wu, Qianbao https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3236-8582
Yang, Jinlong
Zhang, Yiming
Zhang, Yanning https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3839-2965
He, Fei
Cui, Chunhua https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2774-1576
Hong, Gonghua
Zhu, Hongyu
Li, Yan https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1963-839X
Guo, Junling https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2948-880X
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (22325201)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (22302033)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (52202214)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (82172299)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (22178233)
State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering (sklpme 2020-03-01)
Article History
Received: 6 January 2025
Accepted: 10 September 2025
First Online: 15 October 2025
Competing interests
: X.D. and Z.C. are inventors on a patent application (China, ZL 2023 1 0743387.9) relating to the IEFE system described in this work. The other authors declare no competing interests.