Chen, Zhidi https://orcid.org/0009-0008-1403-5788
Zhang, Yajing https://orcid.org/0009-0000-3127-9946
Lv, Panjing https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3478-0263
Wu, Tongwei https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1922-9545
He, Jianing
Du, Jinyan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5090-3748
Sun, Qiangqiang https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4309-5199
Wu, Qianbao https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3236-8582
Yang, Jinlong
Zhang, Yiming
Zhang, Yanning https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3839-2965
He, Fei
Cui, Chunhua https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2774-1576
Hong, Gonghua
Zhu, Hongyu
Li, Yan https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1963-839X
Guo, Junling https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2948-880X
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (22325201, 22302033, 52202214, 82172299, 22178233)
State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering (sklpme 2020-03-01)
Article History
Received: 6 January 2025
Accepted: 10 September 2025
First Online: 15 October 2025
Competing interests
: X.D. and Z.C. are inventors on a patent application (China, ZL 2023 1 0743387.9) relating to the IEFE system described in this work. The other authors declare no competing interests.