Song, Yun
Musgrave, Charles B. III
Su, Jianjun
Huang, Libei
Guo, Weihua https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4884-8054
Liu, Yong
Li, Geng
Xin, Yinger
Zhang, Qiang https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2325-3011
Feng, Xing https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4273-979X
Liao, Can https://orcid.org/0009-0000-3994-7216
Liu, Shunjie
Kwok, Ryan Tsz Kin https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6866-3877
Lam, Jacky W. Y. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5754-1703
He, Mingming
Choong, Kai Shen https://orcid.org/0009-0005-3779-2712
Feng, Zhenxing https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7598-5076
Tang, Ben Zhong https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0293-964X
Goddard, William A. III https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0097-5716
Ye, Ruquan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2543-9090
Funding for this research was provided by:
Guangdong Science and Technology Department (2024A1515030164)
Research Grants Council, University Grants Committee (11310624, 11309723)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (22522509)
Shenzhen Science and Technology Innovation Commission (KQTD20210811090142053, JCYJ20220818103007014)
Innovation and Technology Commission (ITC-CNERC14SC01)
U.S. Department of Energy (DE-SC0021266)
Article History
Received: 12 December 2024
Accepted: 8 October 2025
First Online: 17 November 2025
Competing interests
: R.Y. and Y.S. declare that two provisional patents titled ‘Methods for performing electrochemical reactions in strong acid for molecular catalyst’ have been filed: one in the United States (application number 63/676,895) and one in China (application number 2025110457399). The other authors declare no competing interests.