Luan, Yuxuan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8074-3079
Yan, Shen https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3189-8821
Guan, Jian https://orcid.org/0009-0006-7640-7757
Majumder, Ayan https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6454-8110
Isshiki, Yuji https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5800-8935
Wang, Zhongyong https://orcid.org/0009-0006-7802-5904
Mali, Ratul https://orcid.org/0009-0000-8445-1447
Yu, Renwen https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9701-5270
Fan, Shanhui https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0081-9732
Meyhofer, Edgar https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5719-6030
Reddy, Pramod https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7442-6931
Funding for this research was provided by:
U.S. Department of Energy (DESC0004871)
U.S. Department of Energy (DESC0004871)
National Science Foundation (CBET 2232201)
National Science Foundation (CBET 2232201)
United States Department of Defense | United States Navy | Office of Naval Research (N00014-24-1- 2132)
Article History
Received: 14 September 2025
Accepted: 8 December 2025
First Online: 14 January 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.