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Authors
Molokanova, Elena https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8117-8174
Savchenko, Alex https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9330-1309
Verkhratsky, Alexei https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2592-9898
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (1R43NS122666)
California Institute for Regenerative Medicine (DISC2-13866)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute on Drug Abuse (5R44DA050393)
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Article History
Received: 3 January 2025
Accepted: 13 January 2026
First Online: 20 April 2026
Competing interests
: A.S. and E.M. are co-founders of Nanotools Bioscience, a company focused on exploring optoelectronic properties of graphene for bioapplications. E.M. is the inventor and applicant on patents related to the graphene-based optical stimulation technology (United States: US10137150B2, US10688127B2; China: CN106458601B; Japan: JP6635383B2; Europe: EP3157866B1). A.V. declares no competing interests.
