Yang, Hongru https://orcid.org/0009-0006-1212-8505
Lin, Dian-Zhao https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1177-2308
Li, Zhe https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9402-4940
Yan, Yuqing https://orcid.org/0009-0008-1956-4689
Zhao, Zuo-Han https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1812-6237
Lee, Byeongdu https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2514-8805
Song, Chang Woo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3596-3291
Wang, Shunzhi https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5033-7478
Lu, Jiaxi https://orcid.org/0009-0006-8502-1952
Wang, Yimei
Sun, Yongzhi https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5267-6780
Livi, Ken
Baker, David https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7896-6217
Liu, Yayuan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0718-4784
Lin, Dingchang https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9354-5952
Funding for this research was provided by:
United States Department of Defense | United States Air Force | AFMC | Air Force Office of Scientific Research (FA9550-23-1-0174)
United States Department of Defense | United States Air Force | AFMC | Air Force Office of Scientific Research (FA9550-23-1-0174)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of General Medical Sciences (R35GM147274)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of General Medical Sciences (R35GM147274)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of General Medical Sciences (R35GM147274)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of General Medical Sciences (R35GM147274)
NSF | Directorate for Mathematical & Physical Sciences | Division of Materials Research (2348276)
NSF | Directorate for Mathematical & Physical Sciences | Division of Materials Research (2348276)
NSF | Directorate for Mathematical & Physical Sciences | Division of Materials Research (2348276)
David and Lucile Packard Foundation (N/A)
Audacious Project at the Institute for Protein Design
Kavli Foundation (N/A)
Howard Hughes Medical Institute (n/a)
Article History
Received: 2 October 2025
Accepted: 11 May 2026
First Online: 15 June 2026
Competing interests
: D.L. and H.Y. have filed a US patent application entitled ‘Synthesis of protein particles’. The other authors declare no competing interests.