Ji, Qing-Xin https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6336-8350
Zhang, Wei https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2065-2535
Savchenkov, Anatoliy
Liu, Peng https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1270-3240
Sun, Shuman
Jin, Warren
Guo, Joel https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0203-5170
Peters, Jonathan
Wu, Lue https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7503-7057
Feshali, Avi
Paniccia, Mario
Ilchenko, Vladimir https://orcid.org/0009-0002-3545-8700
Bowers, John https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4270-8296
Matsko, Andrey https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9939-9311
Vahala, Kerry https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1783-1380
Funding for this research was provided by:
United States Department of Defense | Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (HR0011-22-2-0009)
United States Department of Defense | Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (HR0011-22-2-0009)
United States Department of Defense | Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (HR0011-22-2-0009)
United States Department of Defense | Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (HR0011-22-2-0009)
United States Department of Defense | Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (HR0011-22-2-0009)
United States Department of Defense | Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (HR0011-22-2-0009)
United States Department of Defense | Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (HR0011-22-2-0009)
United States Department of Defense | Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (HR0011-22-2-0009)
United States Department of Defense | Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (HR0011-22-2-0009)
United States Department of Defense | Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (HR0011-22-2-0009)
United States Department of Defense | Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (HR0011-22-2-0009)
United States Department of Defense | Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (HR0011-22-2-0009)
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (80NSSC23M0239)
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (80NSSC23M0239)
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (80NSSC23M0239)
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (80NSSC23M0239)
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (80NSSC23M0239)
NASA | Jet Propulsion Laboratory (80NM0018D0004)
NASA | Jet Propulsion Laboratory (80NM0018D0004)
NASA | Jet Propulsion Laboratory (80NM0018D0004)
NASA | Jet Propulsion Laboratory (80NM0018D0004)
ODNI | Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity (140D0423C0112)
ODNI | Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity (140D0423C0112)
Kavli Foundation
Article History
Received: 6 March 2024
Accepted: 26 March 2025
First Online: 23 May 2025
Competing interests
: Kerry Vahala is a co-founder and stock holder of hQphotonics. The other authors declare no competing interests.