Cheng, Haotian https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4566-9268
Xiang, Chao
Jin, Naijun https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6555-6224
Kudelin, Igor
Guo, Joel https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0203-5170
Heyrich, Matthew
Liu, Yifan https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7040-8171
Peters, Jonathan
Ji, Qing-Xin https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6336-8350
Zhou, Yishu https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1654-8084
Vahala, Kerry J. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1783-1380
Quinlan, Franklyn https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3766-6549
Diddams, Scott A. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2144-0764
Bowers, John E. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4270-8296
Rakich, Peter T. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6081-1249
Funding for this research was provided by:
United States Department of Defense | Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (HR0011-22-2-0009, HR0011-22-2-0009, HR0011-22-2-0009, HR0011-22-2-0009, HR0011-22-2-0009, HR0011-22-2-0009, HR0011-22-2-0009, HR0011-22-2-0009, HR0011-22-2-0009, HR0011-22-2-0009, HR0011-22-2-0009, HR0011-22-2-0009, HR0011-22-2-0009, HR0011-22-2-0009)
National Science Foundation (2137740, 2137740, 2137740)
U.S. Department of Energy (DE-SC0019406, DE-SC0019406)
Article History
Received: 1 August 2024
Accepted: 7 May 2025
First Online: 6 June 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.