Chen, Na https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2720-9587
Teng, Hanchao https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8449-9977
Hu, Hai https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4243-2333
GarcĂa de Abajo, F. Javier https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4970-4565
Hillenbrand, Rainer https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1904-4551
Dai, Qing https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1750-0867
Article History
Received: 15 October 2024
Accepted: 7 August 2025
First Online: 3 October 2025
Competing interests
: R.H. is a co-founder of Neaspec GmbH, now part of attocube systems GmbH, a company that manufactures s-SNOM systems, including the one used in this study. The remaining authors declare no competing interests.