Gwak, Geunhee https://orcid.org/0009-0002-6581-9765
Roh, Chan https://orcid.org/0009-0009-7176-7739
Yoon, Young-Do
Kim, M. S. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5543-5050
Ra, Young-Sik https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8566-4794
Funding for this research was provided by:
RCUK | Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EP/Y004752/1)
RCUK | Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EP/W032643/1)
RCUK | Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EP/Z53318X/1)
National Research Foundation of Korea (RS-2024-00413957)
National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF-2022R1A2C2006179)
National Research Foundation of Korea (RS-2025-00562372)
National Research Foundation of Korea (RS-2023-NR119925)
National Research Foundation of Korea (RS-2024-00442762)
National Research Foundation of Korea (RS-2024-00408271)
National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF-2020M3E4A1080028)
United States Department of Defense | United States Air Force | AFMC | Air Force Office of Scientific Research (FA2386-22-1-4083)
Institute of Information & Communications Technology Planning & Evaluation (IITP)
Article History
Received: 28 November 2024
Accepted: 24 September 2025
First Online: 11 November 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.