Caillas, Augustin https://orcid.org/0009-0007-9075-9449
Shen, Xingyu https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9885-2935
Guyot-Sionnest, Philippe https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0178-6255
Funding for this research was provided by:
United States Department of Defense | United States Army | U.S. Army Research, Development and Engineering Command | Army Research Office (W911NF-22-10157)
United States Department of Defense | United States Army | U.S. Army Research, Development and Engineering Command | Army Research Office (W911NF-22-10157)
National Science Foundation (DMR-2011854)
National Science Foundation (NSF-ECCS-2025633)
National Science Foundation (NSF-ECCS-2226311)
National Science Foundation (NSF-ECCS-2025633)
National Science Foundation (DMR-2011854)
National Science Foundation (DMR-2011854)
National Science Foundation (NSF-ECCS-2025633)
National Science Foundation (NSF-ECCS-2226311)
Article History
Received: 19 September 2025
Accepted: 27 January 2026
First Online: 24 February 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.