Nakamura, Takuma https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1350-549X
Groman, William https://orcid.org/0009-0004-0223-2726
Ji, Qing-Xin https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6336-8350
Kara, Oguzhan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2552-5562
Rudin, Benjamin https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2343-6344
Savchenkov, Anatoliy
Iltchenko, Vladimir https://orcid.org/0009-0002-3545-8700
Zhang, Wei https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2065-2535
Matsko, Andrey https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9939-9311
Bowers, John E. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4270-8296
Emaury, Florian https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2460-8005
Vahala, Kerry J. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1783-1380
Diddams, Scott A. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2144-0764
Quinlan, Franklyn https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3766-6549
Funding for this research was provided by:
United States Department of Defense | Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (HR0011-22-2-0009)
United States Department of Defense | Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (HR0011-22-2-0009)
United States Department of Defense | Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (HR0011-22-2-0009)
United States Department of Defense | Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (HR0011-22-2-0009)
United States Department of Defense | Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (HR0011-22-2-0009)
NASA | Jet Propulsion Laboratory (80NM0018D0004)
NASA | Jet Propulsion Laboratory (80NM0018D0004)
NASA | Jet Propulsion Laboratory (80NM0018D0004)
NASA | Jet Propulsion Laboratory (80NM0018D0004)
Article History
Received: 25 November 2025
Accepted: 25 March 2026
First Online: 28 April 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.