Chen, Yifan https://orcid.org/0009-0002-8385-4847
Zeng, Yunmin https://orcid.org/0009-0005-4082-4391
Yu, Tao
Guo, Yuduo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7895-7430
Wang, Yuwang
Lu, Zhi https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3739-8756
Wu, Jiamin https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3479-1026
Dai, Qionghai https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7043-3061
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (62088102)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (62525506)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (62222508)
Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China (JYB2025XDXM504)
Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China (grant2024YFB2809000)
Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China (2023YFB2806902)
Beijing Key Laboratory of Cognitive Intelligence, Beijing Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Intelligence, Beijing Municipal Education Commission.
Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality (JR25021)
New Cornerstone Science Foundation through the XPLORER PRIZE.
Article History
Received: 29 July 2025
Accepted: 12 May 2026
First Online: 17 June 2026
Competing interests
: Q.D., Y.C. and J.W. are inventors on patent application no. 202510925032.0, filed in China, related to the technologies and devices described in this work. The other authors declare no competing interests.