Qiao, Hong https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3349-5754
Wang, Zhaoyou https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8573-6970
Andersson, Gustav https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1442-2573
Anferov, Alexander
Conner, Christopher R. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6875-2298
Joshi, Yash J. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9930-014X
Li, Shiheng https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0539-5872
Miller, Jacob M. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9956-994X
Wu, Xuntao https://orcid.org/0009-0005-8064-9815
Yan, Haoxiong https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4797-9733
Jiang, Liang https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0000-9342
Cleland, Andrew N. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4981-4294
Funding for this research was provided by:
United States Department of Defense | Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (HR0011-24-9-0364, HR0011-24-9-0364)
United States Department of Defense | United States Air Force | AFMC | Air Force Office of Scientific Research (FA9550-20-1-0270, FA9550-23-1-0338, FA9550-20-1-0270, FA9550-23-1-0338)
National Science Foundation (DMR-2011854, 2016136, NNCI ECCS-2025633, 2016136, NNCI ECCS-2025633)
DOE | Office of Science (National Quantum Information Science Research Centers, National Quantum Information Science Research Centers)
Article History
Received: 13 January 2025
Accepted: 6 August 2025
First Online: 18 September 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.