Song, Yunxiang https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3879-4777
Lei, Tianqi https://orcid.org/0009-0001-5105-3060
Xue, Yanyun
Cordaro, Andrea https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3000-7943
Haas, Michael
Huang, Guanhao https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7803-804X
Li, Xudong
Lu, Shengyuan
Magalhães, Letícia
Yang, Jiayu https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5102-1002
Yeh, Matthew https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8711-6505
Zhu, Xinrui
Sinclair, Neil
Gong, Qihuang https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4974-6244
Hu, Yaowen https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0127-1959
Lončar, Marko https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5029-5017
Funding for this research was provided by:
United States Department of Defense | United States Air Force | AFMC | Air Force Office of Scientific Research (FA955024PB004)
National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF-2022M3K4A1094782)
National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF-2022M3K4A1094782)
National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF-2022M3K4A1094782)
National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF-2022M3K4A1094782)
U.S. Department of Defense (FA9453-23-C-A039)
Amazon Web Services (A50791)
Amazon Web Services (A50791)
Agency for Science, Technology and Research
National Science Foundation (EEC-1941583)
National Science Foundation (OMA-2137723)
National Science Foundation (OMA-2138068)
National Science Foundation (EEC-1941583)
United States Department of Defense | U.S. Navy (N6833522C0413)
Article History
Received: 8 June 2025
Accepted: 28 January 2026
First Online: 12 March 2026
Competing interests
: M.L. is involved in developing lithium niobate technologies at HyperLight Corporation. The other authors declare no competing interests.