Zhang, Bichen https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5433-5445
Liu, Genyue https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3114-2330
Bornet, Guillaume
Horvath, Sebastian P. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8804-6366
Peng, Pai
Ma, Shuo
Huang, Shilin https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6731-8601
Puri, Shruti https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5194-0591
Thompson, Jeff D. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8673-052X
Funding for this research was provided by:
United States Department of Defense | Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (HR00112490363)
United States Department of Defense | Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (W911NF-20-10021)
United States Department of Defense | Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (HR00112490363)
United States Department of Defense | United States Navy | Office of Naval Research (N00014-23-1-2621)
National Science Foundation (PHY-2047620)
National Science Foundation (OMA-2120757)
National Science Foundation (OMA-2120757)
United States Department of Defense | United States Army | U.S. Army Research, Development and Engineering Command | Army Research Office (W911NF-24-10358)
United States Department of Defense | United States Army | U.S. Army Research, Development and Engineering Command | Army Research Office (W911NF-24-10358)
Article History
Received: 5 August 2025
Accepted: 20 April 2026
First Online: 12 June 2026
Competing interests
: S.P.H. and J.D.T. are co-founders and shareholders of Logiqal, Inc. J.D.T., B.Z., G.L., G.B., P.P., S.P.H. and S.M. have filed a provisional patent application (US 63/817,558) directly arising from the results detailed in this manuscript. The remaining authors declare no competing interests.