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Article History

Accepted: 26 April 2019

First Online: 11 June 2019

Competing interests

: E.E. is a paid consultant at DayTwo and BiomX. E.E. states that none of the issues covered in this piece are related to, funded or endorsed by, shared or discussed with or licensed to these commercial entities. W.S.G. is a member of the scientific advisory boards for Evelo Biosciences, Kintai Therapeutics and Leap Therapeutics. G.T. declares no competing financial interests. J.W. is an advisory board member and consultant and adviser for AstraZeneca, Bristol-Myers Squibb, F. Hoffman–La Roche–Genentech, GlaxoSmithKline, Merck Sharp & Dohme, MicrobiomeDX, Biothera Pharmaceuticals and Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, receives grant, clinical and research support from Bristol-Myers Squibb, F. Hoffman–La Roche–Genentech, GlaxoSmithKline and Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, is a speakers bureau participant with Bristol-Myers Squibb, Dava Oncology, Gilead Sciences, Illumina, Imedex, MedImmune and Omniprex and receives other financial or material support from a US patent application (PCT/US17/53.717) submitted by the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center that covers methods to enhance immune checkpoint blockade responses by modulating the microbiome.