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Article History

Accepted: 8 August 2025

First Online: 2 October 2025

Competing interests

: A.Z. received consulting/adviser fees from Bristol Myers Squibb, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Hoffmann–La Roche, NBE Therapeutics and Engimmune; and maintains further non-commercial research agreements with Hoffmann–La Roche, T3 Pharma, Bright Peak Therapeutics, AstraZeneca and Memo Therapeutics. S.M.T receives institutional research funding from Genentech/Roche, Merck, Exelixis, Pfizer, Lilly, Novartis, Bristol Myers Squibb, Eisai, AstraZeneca, Gilead, NanoString Technologies, Seattle Genetics, OncoPep, Daiichi Sankyo and Menarini/Stemline; has served as an adviser/consultant for Novartis, Pfizer (SeaGen), Merck, Eli Lilly, AstraZeneca, Genentech/Roche, Eisai, Sanofi, Bristol Myers Squibb, CytomX Therapeutics, Daiichi Sankyo, Gilead, Zymeworks, Zentalis, Blueprint Medicines, Reveal Genomics, Sumitovant Biopharma, Umoja Biopharma, Artios Pharma, Menarini/Stemline, Aadi Bio, Bayer, Incyte Corp., Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Natera, Tango Therapeutics, Systimmune, eFFECTOR, Hengrui USA, Cullinan Oncology, Circle Pharma, Arvinas, BioNTech, Johnson&Johnson/Ambrx, Launch Therapeutics, Zuellig Pharma and Bicycle Therapeutics; and receives travel support from Eli Lilly, Sanofi, Gilead, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Pfizer and Arvinas. P.T. received institutional research funding from AstraZeneca; and has served as an adviser/consultant for AstraZeneca, Daiichi Sankyo, Gilead, Roche/Genentech, Eli Lilly, Menarini/Stemline, Merck and Novartis. J.P.B. serves as Director of the University at Buffalo Center for Protein Therapeutics; has a portion of his research funded by the Center, which is supported by AbbVie, Amgen, AstraZeneca, CSL-Behring, Eli Lilly, GlaxoSmithKline, Genentech, Janssen, Merck, Roche, Sanofi and Seagen; has portions of his research supported by grants from the National Cancer Institute of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) (CA246785, CA256928, CA275967) and through a sponsored research agreement with Abceutics, Inc., a subsidiary of Merck; has received consulting fees from AbbVie, Amgen, AstraZeneca, GlaxoSmithKline, Genentech, Janssen, Merck, Roche and Sanofi; and also holds financial interests in specific compositions and in platform technologies (that is, anti-idiotypic distribution enhancers, payload-binding selectivity enhancers) that are under development for increasing the safety and efficacy of antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs). G.M.T receives institutional research funding, consulting/advising fees and/or travel support/honoraria from Abbvie, AstraZeneca/Medimmune, Advanced Proteome Therapeutics, Bristol Myers Squibb, Catalent, Crescendo Biologics, CytomX Therapeutics, Daiichi Sankyo, Eli Lilly, Gilead Sciences, Iksuda Pharmaceuticals, Immunogen, Immunomedics, Incyte Corp., InVicro, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Lumicell, Merck & Co., Merck KGaA, Mersana, Neoleukin, Nodus Therapeutics, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche/Genentech, Seattle Genetics, Synaffix/Lonza and Takeda Pharmaceuticals.